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gcd.i
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1995-12-12
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/*
GCD.I
GCD, LCM, and prime factorization routines.
$Id$
*/
/* Copyright (c) 1995. The Regents of the University of California.
All rights reserved. */
func gcd(a, b)
/* DOCUMENT gcd(a,b)
returns the GCD (greatest common divisor) of A and B, which must
be one of the integer data types. A and B may be conformable
arrays; the semantics of the gcd call are the same as any other
binary operation. Uses Euclid's celebrated algorithm.
The absolute values of A and B are taken before the operation
commences; if either A or B is 0, the return value will be 0.
SEE ALSO: lcm, is_prime, factorize
*/
{
a= abs(a);
b= abs(b);
c= min(a, b);
a= max(a, b);
b= c; /* simplifies c=0 case */
if (dimsof(a)(1)) {
/* array case */
for (list=where(c) ; numberof(list) ; list=where(c)) {
b(list)= bl= c(list);
c(list)= a(list) % bl;
a(list)= bl;
}
} else {
/* scalar case can be less baroque */
while (c) {
b= c;
c= a % b;
a= b;
}
}
return b;
}
func lcm(a, b)
/* DOCUMENT lcm(a,b)
returns the LCM (least common multiple) of A and B, which must
be one of the integer data types. A and B may be conformable
arrays; the semantics of the lcm call are the same as any other
binary operation.
The absolute values of A and B are taken before the operation
commences; if either A or B is 0, the return value will be 0.
SEE ALSO: gcd, is_prime, factorize
*/
{
d= gcd(a, b);
/* two potential problems: zero divide and overflow - handle the
first but not the second */
return abs(a*b)/(d+!d);
}
func is_prime(x)
/* DOCUMENT is_prime(x)
return non-zero if and only if X (which must be a scalar integer)
is prime. May return a false positive if X is greater than about
3e9, since at most 20000 candidate factors are checked.
The absolute value of X is taken first; zero is not prime, but 1 is.
SEE ALSO: gcd, lcm, factorize
*/
{
x= long(abs(x));
if (x<2) return x==1;
/* make a list of factors which includes 2, 3, and all larger
odd numbers not divisible by 3 less or equal to sqrt(x) */
top= min(long((sqrt(x)+8.)/3.+0.5), 20000);
factors= ((3*indgen(2:top))/2)*2 - 7;
factors(1:2)= [2,3];
return allof(x%factors);
}
func factorize(x)
/* DOCUMENT factorize(x)
return list of prime factors of X and their powers as an n-by-2
array. May include a large non-prime factor if X exceeds 3e9.
In any event, product(result(,1)^result(,2)) will equal abs(X).
X must be a scalar integer type.
SEE ALSO: gcd, lcm, is_prime
*/
{
x= long(abs(x));
if (x<2) return [[x],[1]];
/* first get rid of any prime factors less than 102 */
primes= [2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,59,61,67,
71,73,79,83,89,97,101];
primes= primes(where(!(x%primes)));
powers= _fact_extract(primes, x); /* returns "deflated" x */
if (x>1) {
/* large prime factors require a less direct approach */
top= min(long((sqrt(x)+2.)/3.+0.5), 20000);
if (top>=35) {
/* trial divisors are all odd numbers 103 or greater which are
not divisible by three and do not exceed sqrt(x) */
trial= ((3*indgen(35:top))/2)*2 - 1;
/* discard all trial divisors which do not divide x */
trial= trial(where(!(x%trial)));
/* the smallest remaining divisor must be prime - remove it and
all its subsequent multiples to find the next prime divisor
and so on until the list contains only primes */
list= trial;
for (n=0 ; numberof(trial) ; ++n) {
list(n+1)= trial(1);
trial= trial(where(trial%trial(1)));
}
if (n) {
trial= list(1:n);
grow, primes, trial;
grow, powers, _fact_extract(trial,x);
}
}
if (x>1) {
grow, primes, [x];
grow, powers, [1];
}
}
return [primes, powers];
}
func _fact_extract(primes, &x)
{
if (is_void(primes)) return [];
/* first get largest power of each prime less than or equal x */
powers= long(log(x)/log(primes)+1.e-6);
factors= gcd(primes^powers, x);
x/= long(exp(sum(log(factors)))+0.5);
return long(log(factors)/log(primes)+0.5);
}